Konsep Darurat Dan Implikasinya Dalam Menyikapi Pandemi Covid 19: Telaah Tafsir Al-Munir Karya Wahbah Al-Zuhaili
Abstract
This research aims to reveal how the emergency situation actually is and its implications for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing on the monumental work of Syekh Wahbah az-Zuhaili, namely al-Tafsir al-Munir fi al-'Aqidah, wa al-Syari'ah wa al-Manhaj. This interesting and significant research was carried out by researchers to examine and explore how the concept of emergency is in Tafsir al-Munir and what are its implications in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic with all its disruption consequences. This research was conducted through a qualitative approach to the type of literature research. The primary data source for this study is Tafsir al-Munir with primary data in the form of the results of Wahbah az-Zuhaili's interpretation of ahkam verses containing the concept of emergency. The secondary data of this research is an explanation related to the research topic. Meanwhile, content analysis is used to analyze the data. Checking the validity of this qualitative research data was carried out using theoretical triangulation techniques. Wahbah Zuhaili's interpretation of the emergency clause is relevant when applied to dealing with a pandemic, in this case the conditions of the PSBB and the permissibility of using the AstraZeneca Vaccine without neglecting other types of vaccines
References
‘Azzam, Abdul Aziz Muhammad. al-Qawaid al-Fiqhiyah Dirasah ‘Amaliyah Tahliliyah Muqaranah, Kairo: Maktabah al-Azhar. 2002.
Abna, Rini Dina, Wimbo Wiyono, and Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita. 2019. “Analysis Of Application Of Target Costing Assessment Of Efficiency As A Tool Of Production in UD Kembang Jaya.” In Progress Conference, 2:178–85.
Ahyuni, Putri Khumairotul, Noviansyah Rizal, and Yusuf Wibisono. 2018. “Pengaruh Free Cash Flow, Return On Asset (ROA) Dan Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Kebijakan Hutang:(Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Property Dan Real Estate Yang Listed Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2014-2016).” Assets: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Akuntansi, Keuangan Dan Pajak 2 (2): 56–65.
Andriyani, Rika, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Muchamad Taufiq. 2018. “Analisis Rasio Likuiditas, Profitabilitas, Dan Solvabilitas Untuk Memprediksi Kondisi Financial Distress Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Di BEI.” Counting: Journal of Accounting 1 (1): 141–51.
Cahyaningati, Retno, Fauzan Muttaqien, Riza Bahtiar Sulistyan, Ratna WD Paramita, and Selvia Roos Ana. 2022. “Modal Intelektual, Manajemen Pengetahuan Dan Kinerja UMKM Serta Kecepatan Dan Kualitas Inovasi Sebagai Variabel Mediasi.” E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 32(8), 2227-2238 32 No. 8:2227–38. https://doi.org/10,24843/EJA.2022.v32.i08.p20.
Cikiana, Wanda, Khoirul Ifa, and Noviansyah Rizal. 2018. “Analisis Penerapan Akuntansi Pertanggungjawaban Sebagai Pengendalian Biaya Pada UD. Basmlah Jarit Candipuro Lumajang.” In Progress Conference, 1:435–41.
Daniar Paramita, Ratna Wijayanti. 2020. “Accounting Earning Response Coefficient: Synthesis of Earning Responses.” Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi: ATESTASI 3 (2): 90–97.
Ferdiansah, Yolanda Dwi, Fetri Setyo Liyundira, and Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita. 2024. “The Influence of Profitability, Leverage And Free Cash Flow on Firm Value With Dividend Policy as A Moderation Variable (Empirical Study of Consumption Goods Industry Sector Companies on The IDX Period 2019–2021).” In Conference on SDGs Transformation through the Creative Economy: Encouraging Innovation and Sustainability (TCEEIS 2023), 68–74. Atlantis Press.
Hanny, Yustrianthe Rahmawati, and Noviansyah Rizal. 2020. “Hidden Curriculum: The Concept of Integrating Islamic Value in Higher Education Accounting at Muhammadiyah on Ulab Albab Perspective.” Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems 12 (1).
Hidayanti, Fipin, M Yahdi, and Ratna Wiayanti DP. 2019. “Pengaruh Volume Penjualan Dan Biaya Operasional Terhadap Laba Bersih Perusahaan (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2012-2016).” Counting: Journal of Accounting 1 (3): 88–99.
Hidayat, Mochammad Sofyan, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Noviansyah Rizal. 2023. “Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Menggunakan Metode Full Costing Pada CV. Sentral Percetakan Di Kabupaten Lumajang.” Counting: Journal of Accounting 5 (4): 312–19.
Holili, Muhammad, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Muchamad Taufiq. 2021. “Pengaruh Return on Assets, Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Dan Return on Equity Untuk Memperbaiki Financial Distress.” Counting: Journal of Accounting 3 (4): 175–80.
Ibrahim, Muhammad Fadhil, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Muchamad Taufiq. 2018. “Pengaruh Nopat Dan Goodwill Terhadap Nilai Tambah Ekonomis (EVA) Perusahaan ManufakturYang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek IndonesiaTahun 2014-2016.” In Progress Conference, 1:157–66.
Juliasari, Deni, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, Wahyuning Muniarti, Moh Setyobakti, and M Rijalus Solihin. 2019. “Community Response to Corporate Social Action and Impact on Company Performance.” Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems 11 (12).
Lestari, Ayu Putri, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Muhammad Mudhofar. 2022. “The Effect of Earning Per Share (EPS), Return On Equity (ROE), and Net Profit Margin (NPM) on the Stock Price of Manufacturing Companies Listed on the BEI Period 2017-2019.” International Journal of Accounting and Management Research 3 (2): 9–16.
Maulidiana, Eka Dila, and Noviansyah Rizal. 2019. “Analisis Pengaruh Profitabilitas Dan Kebijakan Deviden Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan: Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Barang Konsumsi Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2014-2017.” In Progress Conference, 2:205–14.
Maulidina, Fais Indriani, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Muchamad Taufiq. 2021. “The Effect Of Leverage, Earnings Per Share, And Dividend Policy On Company Value.” Assets: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Akuntansi, Keuangan Dan Pajak 5 (2): 80–87.
Nurhayati, Ela, Yahdi Yahdi, and Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita. 2018. “Analisis Komparatif Kinerja Keuangan Sebelum Dan Sesudah Kebijakan Tax Amnesty Pada Perbankan Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia.” Counting: Journal of Accounting 1 (1): 8–18.
Paramita, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar. 2014a. “Pengaruh Anggota, Skala Koperasi, Jumlah Kewajiban Terhadap Permintaan Audit Eksternal (Studi Pada Koperasi Se-Kabupatn Lumajang).” Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Humanika 3 (2).
———. 2014b. “Pengaruh Ketepatwaktuan Penyampaian Laporan Keuangan Terhadap Respon Laba Akuntansi.” Wiga: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ekonomi 4 (2): 39–44.
———. 2014c. “Timeliness Sebagai Variabel Intervening Untuk Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Respon Laba.” Wiga: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ekonomi 4 (1): 34–42.
———. 2016. “Income Smoothing: Apakah Ukuran Perusahaan Memoderasi?” Jurnal Riset Dan Aplikasi: Akuntansi Dan Manajemen 2 (1).
———. 2017. “Refleksi Perataan Laba Terhadap Respon Pasar.” Jurnal Riset Dan Aplikasi: Akuntansi Dan Manajemen 2 (2): 129–34.
———. 2018. “Taman Baca Anak: Pengembangan Literasi Kearifan Lokal.” Empowerment Society 1 (02): 1–13.
———. 2020a. “Accounting Earning Response Coefficient: Synthesis of Earning Responses.” Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi: ATESTASI 3 (2): 90–97.
———. 2020b. “Determinants of Dividend Policy.” Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Advantage 4 (1): 1–5.
Paramita, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar, Isti Fadah, Diana Sulianti K Tobing, and Imam Suroso. 2020. “Accounting Earnings Response Coefficient: Is the Earning Response Coefficient Better or Not.” Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business 7 (10): 51–61.
Paramita, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar, and Sulistyan Riza Bahtiar. 2021. “Exploration Community Empowerment of Lumajang Typical Batik Enterprises for Culture Preservation.” International Journalf Entrepreneurship and Business Development 4 (3): 351–55.
Paramita, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar, and Noviansyah Rizal. 2015. “Internet Financial Report: Respons Pasar Sebelum Dan Sesudah Tanggal Publikasi.” Jurnal Ekonomika 8 (2): 68–74.
Paramita, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar, Noviansyah Rizal, Riza Bahtiar Sulistyan, Danang Wikan Carito, Ikhwanul Hakim, and Fadhel Akhmad Hizham. 2022. “Digital-Based Culture House in Efforts to Improve Community Economy in Papring Banyuwangi.” In International Colloquium on Business and Economics (ICBE 2022), 259–69. Atlantis Press.
PARAMITA, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar, Noviansyah RIZAL, Riza Bahtiar SULISTYAN, Danang Wikan CARITO, Ikhwanul HAKIM, and Fadhel Akhmad HIZHAM. 2022. “Innovation In Banyuwangi Papring Batik In Efforts To Boost The Community’s Economy.” International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science 3 (3). https://doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v3i3.422.
Paramita, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar, Noviansyah Rizal, Riza Bahtiar Sulistyan, Muchamad Taufiq, and Muhaimin Dimyati. 2021a. “Pengembangan Permainan Tradisional Anak Kampoeng Batara Sebagai Inovasi Edukasi Berbasis Ekonomi Kreatif.” In Progress Conference, 4:503–11.
Paramita, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar, Noviansyah Rizal, Riza Bahtiar Sulistyan, Muchamad Taufiq, and Muhammad Dimyati. 2021b. “Optimizing the Creative Industry Through the Development of the Triple Helix Model.” IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) 4 (5): 655–61. https://doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v4i5.1514.
Paramita, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar, Noviansyah Rizal, Muchamad Taufiq, and Muhaimin Dimyati. 2018. “Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Culture: Will Protecting Custom Culture Actor Osing in Banyuwangi.” In PROCEEDING INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ECONOMICS, BUSINESS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (ICEBIT). Vol. 2.
Pratama, Dega Agung, and Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita. 2019. “Analisis Efektivitas, Efisiensi, Dan Kontribusi Pajak Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Lumajang Tahun 2013–2017.” In Progress Conference, 2:1–8.
Pratiwi, Wike, Noviansyah Rizal, Neny Tri Indrianasari, M Wiyono Wiyono, and Khoirul Ifa. 2019. “Auditor Competence, Auditor Independence, Auditor Experience, Audit Fees and Time Budget Pressure against Fraud Detection.” Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems 11 (12): 26–33.
Puspita, Yuli, Ratna Wijayanti, and Muchamad Taufiq. 2019. “Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance Terhadap Profitabilitas Perusahaan (Studi Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2016–2017).” Counting: Journal of Accounting 2 (2): 162–69.
Putra, Dwi Lesmana, Yahdi Yahdi, and Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita. 2019. “Pengaruh Perputaran Kas Dan Perputaran Piutang Terhadap Profitabilitas Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode Tahun 2015-2017.” In Progress Conference, 2:694–702.
Rachim, Intan Savirra Aidah, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Noviansyah Rizal. 2019. “Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah, Dana Alokasi Umum, Dana Alokasi Khusus Terhadap Belanja Modal Pada Pemerintah Provinsi Di Indonesia Tahun Periode 2015-2017.” In Progress Conference, 2:177–82.
Rahmawati, Rahmawati, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, Siti Nurlaela, Bambang Pujiasmanto, Sarah Rum Handayani, Rudianto Rudianto, Edy Supriyono, and Siti Arifah. 2023. “Batik Training, an Effort to Increase the Income of Papring Kampoeng Batara Neighborhood Community in Kalipuro District, Banyuwangi Regency.” Empowerment Society 6 (2): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.30741/eps.v6i2.1094.
Ratna, W D P, Noviansyah Rizal, B S Riza, Fauziyah Fauziyah, and Muhammad Dimyati. 2021. “Empowering Community through Creative Economy as a Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy in Indonesia.” In E3S Web of Conferences, 331:4015. EDP Sciences.
Rizal, Noviansyah, and Selvia Roos Ana. 2017. “Pengaruh Laba Akuntansi Dan Arus Kas Serta Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Return Saham (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Perbankan Yang Terdaftar Di BEI Tahun 2012–2014).” Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis Dan Keuangan 6 (2).
Rochmatullah, Mahameru Rosy, Agung Nur Probohudono, Rahmawati Rahmawati, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Nurul Badriyah. 2023. “Local Government Competitiveness Analysis Using the Perspective of Organizational Excellence: Evidence from Indonesia.” Problems and Perspectives in Management 21 (2): 356.
Setyobakti, Moh, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, Noviansyah Rizal, and Istifadah Istifadah. 2021. “Village Original Income Increase Strategy Through Local Potential Development in Burno Village, Senduro Lumajang East Java Indonesia.” In International Conference on Social Science, Humanities, Education, and Society Development 2020. Vol. 1. Pansasakti University.
Sholehah, Siti, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Pinerdi Witjaksono. 2018. “Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Logam Dan Sejenisnya Yang Terdaftar DI BEI 2013–2015).” Counting: Journal of Accounting 1 (1): 34–43.
Sulistyan, R B, and R W D Paramita. 2021. “Business Location Planning Assistance: Preservation of Traditional Culture of Kampoeng Batara Banyuwangi. Empowerment Society, 4 (1), 17-21.” Doi. Org/10.30741/Eps. V4i1 634.
Taufiq, Muchamad, and Noviansyah Rizal. 2018. “Cultural CSR in Perceptions of Cultural Preservation Osing.” Sinergi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Manajemen 8 (1).
Umar, Mariyani Putri, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Muchamad Taufiq. 2021. “The Effect of Leverage, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax Avoidance.” Assets: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Akuntansi, Keuangan Dan Pajak 5 (1): 24–29.
Utami, Anugrah Cahyaning Siwi, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar, and Muchamad Taufiq. 2021. “Pengaruh Rasio Profitabilitas Dan Solvabilitas Terhadap Harga Saham Perusahaan Manufaktur BEI Tahun 2017-2019.” In Progress Conference, 4:252–60.
Widiasmara, Anny, Agiesti Kusherawati, Retno Cahyaningati, and Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita. 2022. “The Effect of Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Return On Assets, and Net Profit Margin on Profit Growth.” Assets: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Akuntansi, Keuangan Dan Pajak 6 (1): 8–15.
Wulandari, Tri, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and M Muni. 2019. “Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Pertumbuhan Aset Dan Likuiditas Terhadap Struktur Modal Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Di Bursa Efek Indonesia.” In Progress Conference, 2:50–61.
Yulianti, Astrin, Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita, and Fetri Setyo Liyundira. 2019. “Pengaruh Return On Investment Dan Earning Per Share Terhadap Harga Saham Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2015-2017.” In Progress Conference, 2:113–19.
Zuhrianto, Liza, Sri Mulyani, and Ratna Wijayanti Daniar Paramita. 2020. “Impact On Profit, Cash Flow, Company Size And Financial Distress.” Assets: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Akuntansi, Keuangan Dan Pajak 4 (1): 21–26.
Agusta, M., & Letuna, N. (2021). Instragram Sebagai Media Edukasi Vaksin Covid-19 Di Indonesia Instragram As an Educational Media for Covid-19 Vaccines in Indonesia. Jurnal Communio: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 10(1).
al-Farmawi, Abdul Hayy. Metode Tafsir Maudhu’i dan cara penerapannya, terj. Rosihan Anwar dan Maman Abd Djaliel Bandung: Pustaka Setia. 2002.
al-Hanafi, Ahmad ibn ‘Ali al-Makkani Abu Bakar al-Razi al-Jasas, Ahkam al-Qur’an, Juz I t.t: al-Maktabah al-Syamilah, t.th.
al-Jurjaniy, Ali ibn Muh}ammad ibn ‘Ali. al-Ta‘rifat, Juz 1 Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi, t.th.
al-Mandzur, Muhammad Ibn Mukrim. Lisan al-'Arab, Juz IV. Beirut: Där Şadir, t.th.
al-Qasini, Muhammad Jamaluddin. Tafsir al-Qasini, Jilid 4 cet, 1; t.t.: Darul Ihya.
al-Qurtubi, Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Abi Bakr bin Farh. al- Jami’li’ahkam al-Quran, Juz II, t.t.: al-Maktabah al-Syamilah, t.th
al-Suyuthiy, Jalaluddin, al-Asybah wa al-Naz'a ’ir fi al- Furu‘, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi, 1987.
al-Syarbashi, Ahmad, Yas’alunaka fi ad-Din wa al-Hayah, diterjemahkan oleh Ahmad Subandi dengan Judul, Yas’al-Naka: Tanya Jawab Lengkap Tentang Agama Dan Kehidupan, Buku II cet. I; Jakarta: Lentera, 1999.
al-Syarqawi, Ahmad bin Muhammad. Manahij al-Mufassirin, Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rusyd, 1424 H.
al-Syatibi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Lakhmi al-Garnati. al-Muwafaqat, Fil Ushul al-Ahkam, Jilid II. Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah lil al-Taba’ah Wa al-Nasyr. 1341 H.
al-Zahrani, Ahmad bin 'Abdullah. Al-Tafsir al-Maud}u'i li al-Qur'an al-Karim wa Namadziji minhu, Madinah: Universitas Islamiyah Madinah, 1413 H.
Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah. Nazariyyah al-Darurah al-Syar’iyyah Muqaranah Ma‘ al-Qanun al-Wad‘i Cet. IV. Beirut:Muassasah al-Risalah. 1985
________________ , Al-Tafsîr al-Munîr fî al-‘Aqîdah wa al-Syarî’ah wa al-Manhaj, Juz I, Beirut: Dâr al-Fikr. 1991.
_________________>, Tafsir al-Wasit; Muqaddimah Tafsir al-Wasit; Damaskus: Dar al-Fikr. 2006.
_______________>, Al-Qur’an dan Paradigma Peradaban. terj. M.Thohir dkk. Yogyakarta: Dinamika. 1996
Anggraini, Rizky, dkk. Peran Media Massa Inggris dan Jerman dalam Menginformasikan Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Riset Komunikasi, Vol. 4 No. 1 Februari 2021.
Baihaki, “Studi Kitab Tafsir al-Munir Karya Wahbah az-Zuhaili dan Contoh Penafsirannya tentang Nikah Beda Agama, dalam Analisis, Volume XVI, No. 1, Juni 2016.
Basrowi, Suwandi. Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2008.
Dewan Redaksi Ensiklopedi Islam (ed.), Ensiklopedi Islam, Jilid 1 Jakarta: PT. Ichtiar
Fatimah, Siti, “Al-Qur’an dalam Sejarah Penafsiran Indonesia: Analisis Deskriptif Beberapa Tafsir di Indonesia,” EL-FURQANIA: Jurnal Ushuluddin Dan Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman ,Vol. 4, No. 02 (2018).
Ghafur, Saiful Amin. Mozaik Mufasir al-Qur’an dari Klasik Hingga Kontemporer, Yogyakarta: Kaukaba. 2013.
Iin, Solikhin, “Konsep Daruroh dalam Islam”, al-Manahij, Voume 2, No. 2 Juli-Desember, 2008.
Iyazi Muhammad Ali ’, al-Mufassiru>n H{aya>tuhum wa Manha>juhum, Teheran: Muassasah at-Thiba>’ah wa al-Irsya>d al-Isla>mi, 1993.
J.W. Creswell. Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approach (Third Edition). Terj. Achmad Farwaid. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 2010.
Khoirudin, Muhammad, Kumpulan Biografi Ulama Kontemporer, Bandung: Pustaka Ilmi, 2003.
Kriyantono, Rachmat. Teknik Praktis Riset Komunikasi Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Grup. 2010.
Mahmud, Mani’ ‘Abd Halim. Metodologi Tafsir: Kajian Komprehensif Metode Para Ahli Tafsir, terj. Syahdianor dan Faisal Saleh, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. 2006.
Moleong, Lexi J., Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2006.
Mufid, Mohammad. Belajar dari Tiga Ulama Syam, Mustafa az-Zarqa, Muhammad Said Ramadhan Al-Buthi, Wahbah az-Zuhaili Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo. 2015.
Mustafa, Ibrahim, et. al., eds., al-Mu‘jam al-Wasit, Juz 1, t.tp.: al-Maktabah al-Syamilah, t.t.
Na’imah, Farida Ulvi. “Konsep Darurat sebagai Upaya Bergesernya Status Hukum”, Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, Vol. 8., No. 1, Maret 2021.
Nazir, Muhammad, Metode Penelitian. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 1986.
Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 21 Tahun 2020 Tentang Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar Dalam Rangka Percepatan Penanganan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid 19)
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2020 Tentang Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar Dalam Rangka Percepatan Penanganan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-Ig)
Robinson, Islamic Historiography Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006.
