Developing Prosocial Behavior of Early Children: Learning From “Adit & Sopo Jarwo”

This article explored the description of prosocial behavior inserted in the film of “Adit and Sopo Jarwo” which can be taught to early children. The data was collected by documentation. This descriptive qualitative research analyzed five episodes of the selected film. Those episodes were taken from Season 1 and Season 2. The results showed that “playing with playmates” found in the 3rd film, “caring about others” found in all fims, “sharing (good and/or bad) experiences” found in the 4th film, “cooperative with others” found in the 1st until the 4th film, while “considering others (tolerance)” found in the 1st and the 3rd films. Further, “borrowing and lending out something to others” found in film 3, “showing enthusiasm” found in all films except film 4, “obeying the games/the rules” found in film 3, and “appreciative to others” found in film 1, 3, and 5. All of those prosocial behaviors can be taught to early children.


INTRODUCTION
On one occasion, there were a number of people who were busy playing smartphone while in line at the registration counter of hospital. It could be said that between 10 people only 2 persons who did not hold smartphone. The two persons preferred to talk to the people nearby. A moment later, there was a person who felt queuing in advance was preceded by the person who got the queue number later. She just realized that she was engrossed in her smartphone when her number (of queue) was called.
This kind of incident is certainly uncomfortable for some people. Moreover, for those who come from afar and only that time alone the opportunity she/he has to check in the hospital. Fortunately, the incident is more potentially harmful to the individual, not much harm to others.
On a different occasion, there was a woman in Batam who had an accident to death. Allegedly, the woman was playing mobile phone while driving. 1 The events above provide an example of negligence of persons to the conditions around them. They were busier with the communication tool in the form of a smartphone though it was not actually used to communicate. Further, even if they communicate, the other person is the 1 Ilham Safutra, ´-3* 7RGD\ µ $FFHVVHG 2FWREHU https://www.jawapos.com/read/2017/05/10/128944/main-hp-saat-berkendara-b egini-akibatnya-tragis.
Volume 2, Number 2, November 2017 | 247 zzzzzz person who is not directly in front of them. In fact, if traced from social norms, the person should prioritize an interaction that impact on the security of themselves and the people around them.
As an effort to prevent similar incidents, in a state in the US there is a rule that citizens VKRXOG QRW XVH VPDUWSKRQHV ZKLOH FURVVLQJ 7KH UXOH QDPHG ´6PDUWSKRQH =RPELHµ ZDV DSSOLHG in the City of Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Brandon Elefante, a member of the Honolulu City Council, has argued why the Hawaiian capital should apply the new rules. Given the report of the State Highway Safety Association, the number of pedestrians killed in the United States reached 5,987 people this year (2017), up nine percent compared to last year. The report explains, the phone becomes a major factor in the rise of the death rate of pedestrians. The phone, according to reports from the association, interferes with vision and mental periodically for both pedestrians and drivers. 2 Besides through the issuance of regulation as done in Hawaii, another effort to foster social life (hereinafter called prosocial behavior) is through education. In Indonesia, education is believed to have a vital role. Education is considered to be a preventive alternative because education builds a better new generation of nation. As a preventive alternative, education is expected to develop the quality of future generations of the nation in various aspects that can minimize and reduce the causes of various problems. It is acknowledged that the outcomes of education will be visible in the immediate impact, but have strong endurance and impact in the community.
Education is done at various levels, from preschool to higher education. Education can be done in formal and non-formal environments. In formal environments, kindergarten teachers, IRU H[DPSOH FDQ SURYLGH YDULRXV PHGLD WR VWLPXODWH WKH FKLOG·V SURVRFLDO EHKDYLRU (YHQ VR parents at home can present a learning medium for children to increase their intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence.
It is known that media of learning consists of audio, visual, and audiovisual. Based on the statement of a number of kindergarten teachers in Salatiga, these medias have also penetrated in HDUO\ FKLOGKRRG HGXFDWLRQ ([DPSOHV RI DXGLR PHGLD XVHG DUH D FROOHFWLRQ RI FKLOGUHQ·V 03 songs and recorders on mobile phone. The visual media used such as images of animals, fruit, transportation, and others. The audiovisual media used such as cartoon videos, animal videos, transportation, and more.
Learning media in the form of film, for example, has become one of the media that is usually used in early childhood education unit, especially in a kindergarten that has accessibility to it. Due to the demands of the government to use technology and information in early childhood, the teacher must be smart to choose a movie that will be used as a medium of learning. Unfortunately, not all movies can be used for it. The implication, teachers and parents need to be careful in determining the film that will be shown to the children.
If you look at the number of Indonesian films and non-Indonesians that are increasingly widespread in the television, the viewers can certainly observe how many films are actually worthy or not shown to the child. For example, it was reported that one of the films had been Volume 2, Number 2, November 2017 | 248 zzzzzz reprimanded by the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI). The broadcasting of AL was considered not pay attention to provisions on protection of children and adolescents as well as broadcast program classification as set out in the Guidelines of Broadcasting Behavior and Standards KPI Program 2012. In AL, there is a scene that is not eligible to run for the time of 08:00 pm, since it is time for children to learn. The program broadcasts quite a lot of content that leads to violence (fights) and inappropriate behavior (motor racing). The Central KPI assesses that the content may have a negative impact on the audience. 3 Worthy and inappropriate film to watch still reap the pros and cons. However, cultures and norms in Indonesia have implicitly shown that there are things that must be considered for parents when home television is on and is watched by their children.
Based on the results of a mini survey in PIAUD Department IAIN Salatiga, it was found that there are scenes in films that are not fit for children to see. These scenes are about violence, strife and hostility, war and murder, gossip, and romance. On the other hand, scenes which are worth seeing include friendship, sports, prestigious activities, and activities that reflect the loving efforts of the environment. This is reinforced by the government regulation in the form of Indonesian Law N. 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting. Article 35 states that the content of the broadcast must be in accordance with the principle, purpose, function, and direction of the broadcast. While Article 36 explains as follows: 1. The content of the broadcast shall contain information, education, entertainment, and benefits for the formation of intellect, character, morals, progress, nation power, maintaining unity and unity, and practicing Indonesian religious and cultural values.

Broadcast content of television broadcasting services, organized by Private Broadcasting
Institutions and Public Broadcasters, shall contain at least 60% domestic events of the event. 3. The content of the broadcast shall provide protection and empowerment to a special audience, i.e. children and adolescents, by broadcasting the event at an appropriate time, and broadcasters shall state and/or mention the classification of audiences in accordance with the content of the broadcast. 4. The neutrality content of the broadcast shall be maintained and shall not prioritize the interests of certain groups. 5. Broadcast content is prohibited: a. slanderous, inciting, misleading and/or lying; b. highlight elements of violence, obscenity, gambling, drug and drug abuse; or c. tribal, religious, racial, and intergroup. 6. The content of the broadcast is prohibited from plagiarism, humiliation, harassment and/or disregard of religious values, the dignity of Indonesian human beings, or damage to international relations. Article 48 also states that broadcast content standards are at least related to: 1. respect for religious views; 2. respect for personal things; Volume 2, Number 2, November 2017 | 249 zzzzzz 3. courtesy and decency; 4. restrictions on sex scenes, violence, and sadism 5. protection of children, youth and women; 6. classification of the program is done according to the age of the audience; 7. broadcasting programs in foreign languages; 8. the accuracy and impartiality of news programs; 9. live broadcast; and 10. broadcast ads It is known that movies generally watched by children, especially early children (age 4-6 years), are cartoons. The film is a live story (story) image. 4 Cartoon is a film that creates a fantasy of motion as a result of shooting a series of drawings depicting a change in position. Cartoon is also a picture with a funny appearance, related to the prevailing circumstances. 5 It can be said that cartoons are entertainment films in the form of funny pictures that tell about animals and so on.
The term cartoon film is not uncommonly compared to the animated film. Animation is defined as a television show in the form of a series of paintings or images that are mechanically driven electronically so that the screen appears to be moving. 6 Furthermore, it is also known that the cartoons broadcasted in Indonesia have come from within the country and abroad. Foreign cartoons that still aired include ´Upin & Ipinµ and ´Shaun the Sheep,µ while domestic cartoons that still often aired are ´Keluarga Somatµ and ´Adit & Sopo Jarwo.µ If you look at some of those cartoons-and even non-FDUWRRQV LW·V QRW LPSRVVLEOH WKDW any activity done by the characters in the movie will be imitated by children. The implication, parents will be very happy if the child manages to imitate a good character. Conversely, parents will be upset when the character imitated is a figure that performs negative activities. In fact, 0DULD 0RQWHVVRUL KDV VXJJHVWHG WKDW HDUO\ FKLOGUHQ KDYH ´7KH $EVRUEHQW 0LQGµ &KLOGUHQ DOO times absorb information (speech and/or action) that enters into their memory. 7 However, most parents think all cartoons are safe for children to watch. Thus, the parents let their children be free to watch cartoons without guidance. In fact, not all cartoons are intended for children.
Central KPI Commissioner Dewi Setyarini said the role of broadcasters and parents determines children to watch cartoons that are appropriate or appropriate for them. For example, parents should know and select the appropriate cartoon film, safe, and no harm to their children.
´ In addition to parents, add Dewi, broadcasters also help determine the comfort and safety of children watching. And, the role held by broadcasters is the beginning of whether the film will have a good impact or vice versa.
If the cartoon content is safe, contains a moral message, educate and there is no element of violence and pornography, it means the cartoons are classified safe for children and all ages. If the cartoon contains elements of violence or negative elements that are not suitable for children to watch, broadcasters must be observant how to place the film in adult broadcast hours. 8 Well, ´Adit & Sopo Jarwoµ seems to have a chance to be a medium of prosocial behavior stimulation for early children. The reason is this film becomes one of the domestic films that every day aired. The film is aired on MNCTV at 01.00 and 05.30 pm. Therefore, it has chance to be watched by children.
Based on the explanation above, the problem in this work can be formulated as follows, ´:Kat kinds of prosocial behaviors in ´Adit & Sopo Jarwoµ and that can be taught to early FKLOGUHQ"µ Actually, the researches about prosocial behavior have been done by some researchers. Maryani, M. Syukri, and Dian Miranda found that there was an increased ability prosocial behavior through the media animated film ´Upin and Ipinµ in children aged 5-6 years in RA. 9 Nancy Eisenberg, Sharlene A. Wolchik, Laurie Goldberg, and Ilene Engel also studied the same topic. They found that both maternal and paternal valuing of compliance were negatively related WR WKH PRWKHUV· XVH RI UHLQIRUFHPHQW IRU FKLOGUHQ·V VSRQWDQHRXV SURVRFLDO EHKDYLRUV 10 On the other hand, Siti Nurul Nur Hidayati found that the cartoon film ´Adit & Sopo Jarwoµ could effectively increase the speaking skills of 4-5-year children in TK Salma Insani Kediri. 11 This work is different to these previous researches, since it focused on prosocial behaviors in ´Adit & Sopo Jarwoµ which can be taught to early children.

RESEARCH METHOD
This work used a descriptive qualitative method. The data was collected from Youtube by documentation. There were five episodes of ´Adit & Sopo Jarwoµ observed and then were DQDO\]HG WKURXJK 0LOHV DQG +XEHUPDQ·V VWHSV RI DQDO\VLV 7KH WZR HSLVRGHV DUH WKH films of Season 1 (2014), and three others are from Season 2 (2015). The analysis itself contained data reduction, display, and conclusion/verification. The research was done from the middle of September until the middle of October 2017.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behaviors are voluntary actions toward others such as caring, sharing, comforting, and cooperation. 12 The factors associated with the development of prosocial behaviors include: 1. Parental disciplinary techniques that stress the consequences of thH FKLOG·V EHKDYLRU IRU others and that are applied within a warm, responsive parent-child relationship 2. Contact with adults who indicate they expect concern for others, who let children know that aggressive solutions to problems are unacceptable, and who provide acceptable alternatives 3. Contact with adults who attribute positive characteristics to children when they do well ´:KDW D KHOSIXO ER\ \RX DUH µ 13 The followings are prosocial behaviors presented in the first attachment of Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture Regulation N. 137 of 2014 on National Standard of Early Childhood Education: 1. Playing with playmates 2. Caring about others 3. Sharing (good and/or bad) experiences 4. Cooperative with others 5. Considering others (tolerance) 6. Borrowing and lending out something to others 7. Showing enthusiasm 8. Obeying the games/the rules 9. Appreciative to others ´Adit & Sopo Jarwoµ ´Adit & Sopo Jarwoµ is an animated film released on January 24, 2014 in Indonesia. It is broadcasted on MNCTV and has ever been broadcasted on Global TV and Trans TV. This film is produced by MD Animation. In ´Adit & Sopo Jarwo µ there are stories about the good fellowship between Adit, Dennis, Mitha, Devi, and the cute one Adelya. Their stories are full of unexpected adventures. Adit personates as a motor, motivator, and inspiring boy for his friends in spreading times to make the dreams come true.
However, the journey is not as smooth as the highway. They have to deal with a couple of man that always looks for a loophole for a profit without effort, i.e. Sopo and Jarwo. The differences in understanding or perspective are the main ingredients that trigger an eternal ´IHXGµ EHWZHHQ $GLW &V DQG 6RSR -DUZR %XW WKH HQPLW\ RI ERWK LV QHLWKHU SK\VLFDOly nor emotionally.
Luckily there is Haji Udin among them, the head of RW who has served for a dozen years. The wise figure mediates between Sopo Jarwo and Adit Cs. The advices are able to restore the atmosphere of rowdy to shade.
The film was written by Eki N. F., Deddy Otara, and Zulfa Asliha. The director is Dana Riza and Indrajaya. Awards that have been obtained by this film include: (1) (b. 1983), and (8) Jarwo, unemployed who works odd jobs and sometimes feud with Adit, although several times also work together and now become employees Baba Chang (b. 1973).
Other characters are (1) Haji Udin, a wise RW Chairman and often a mediator or solution provider for any problems caused by Sopo Jarwo (b. 1963), (2) Kang Ujang, a meatballsman (tukang bakso) who often tells Sopo Jarwo to wash a dirty bowl instead of because WKH\ RIWHQ RZH .DQJ 8MDQJ·V ORJLF LV DOZD\V OLNH D 6XQGDQHVH DFFHQW E 3DN 'DVXNL inhabitant of Kampung Karet who always gives house duties to Sopo and Jarwo (b. 1971 The following description is an example of brief stories of two episodes that become the object of this work. 1. $ EULHI VWRU\ RI ´6DKDEDW 6HMDWL 7DNNDQ 3HUQDK 0DWLµ When Sopo and Jarwo were enjoying bakso at Kang Ujang stall, Haji Udin reminded Sopo to prepare himself for the elementary equivalency exam. Then, Sopo invited Jarwo to learn after Kang Ujang promised a bonus if Sopo passed the test. Afterward, Sopo studied in a field and he was accompanied by Jarwo. Adit, then, came to ask -DUZR WR WHDFK VLQJLQJ EHFDXVH $GLW ZRXOG WDNH WKH VLQJLQJ WHVW -DUZR XQGHUWRRN $GLW·V UHTXHVW RQ FRQGLWLRQ WKDW $GLW KDG D ZLOO WR WHDFK 6RSR WR VWXG\ $GLW VDLG ´<HVµ DQG ZDV practicing singing accompanied by Adel in front of Jarwo. At the same time, Sopo was studying and was accompanied by Mita and Dennis.
The day of elementary school examination arrived. Sopo sat in the front row to take the exam. When Jarwo tried to whisper to help Sopo, Jarwo was banned by the committee. After the exam, Adit came to give a report to Jarwo that the practice of his singing exam received a score of B. Then, Haji Udin announced that there were 9 participants who graduated and 1 did not graduate. The one who did not pass was the one who did not present at the exam. People were also happy because of the announcement that Sopo passed.